Packet 4: Bonus 7

Liechtenstein is the only member of the UN not to be a contracting state to this organization under the 1944 Chicago Convention. For 10 points each:
[10h] Name this Montreal-based organization that promotes safety management with the “shell model” of interfaces between software, hardware, the environment, and humans, or “liveware.”
ANSWER: ICAO [or International Civil Aviation Organization]
[10m] ICAO’s shell model has superseded tools like fault trees since it frames aviation accidents as resulting from these properties. These complex properties arise from interactions in a system and are not reducible to single parts.
ANSWER: emergent properties [or word forms of emergence]
[10e] ICAO also adopted this model of accident prevention, which James Reason introduced in his 1991 book Human Error. This model likens vulnerabilities to the holes in an eponymous food similar to Emmentaler.
ANSWER: Swiss cheese model
<Editors, Other Academic> | M. Playoffs 4 (Editors 4)

HeardPPBE %M %H %
2415.8396%46%17%

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Conversion

TeamOpponentPart 1Part 2Part 3TotalParts
BruinPenn State001010E
CambridgeTexas0101020ME
Columbia AMaryland A001010E
GeorgetownMaryland B001010E
Georgia Tech AGeorgia Tech B001010E
HarvardUC Berkeley A001010E
IndianaNYU A001010E
Johns HopkinsColumbia B0101020ME
MITIllinois A0101020ME
MichiganStanford B001010E
MinnesotaWashU001010E
North CarolinaSwarthmore0101020ME
Northwestern AUC Berkeley B1001020HE
Northwestern BIllinois B001010E
PittsburghBritish Columbia0101020ME
PurdueChicago B0101020ME
RutgersNYU B001010E
Toronto AChicago A10101030HME
UCFCornell0000
UCLAToronto B001010E
VanderbiltGeorgia Tech C10101030HME
VirginiaOhio State0101020ME
Virginia TechStanford A0101020ME
WaterlooBrown10101030HME

Summary

TournamentEditionMatchHeardPPBE %M %H %
Main Site2026-04-17✓2415.8396%46%17%