Round 10: Tossup 4

Note to moderator: Read answerline carefully. These entities are often simulated with Helbing and Molnar’s “social forces model,” even though it makes units of these entities “vibrate” unrealistically at high numbers. John J. Fruin’s “FIST model” analyzes disasters involving these entities. A treatise on a “criminal” type of these entities by Scipio Sighele (-5[1])influenced a book on them that analyzes their creation by the three factors of anonymity, (10[1])contagion, and suggestion. (10[2]-5[1])That book on these entities is by (10[1])Gustave Le Bon. (10[3])They’re (10[1])not (10[1])places, (10[2])but a critical density above 5 to 7 (10[1])per square meter raises (-5[1])risks of issues in these entities. (10[1])Experts on (10[1])the “management” of these entities blame bad planning for disasters involving (10[1])them like one on Halloween at Itaewon (10[1])in 2022 (10[3])and at a 2021 Travis Scott concert. (10[1]-5[1])For 10 points, name these groups of people that can cause (10[1])asphyxiating “crushes.” ■END■ (10[3])

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