Round 14: Tossup 9

This phenomenon is replaced by the bit encoding 11 (“one-one”) in systems adopting the ECN extension. Floyd (10[1])and Jacobson developed the “random early detection” algorithm to pre-emptively avoid (-5[1])this phenomenon. The “slow start” strategy for this (10[1])phenomenon begins with a namesake “window” of a low MSS and distinguishes the Tahoe and Reno algorithms. The detection (10[1])of this phenomenon distinguishes (10[2])between the “additive-increase” (10[1])and “multiplicative-decrease” steps. In a certain protocol, events caused by this phenomenon are indicated (10[1])by three duplicate (-5[1])acknowledgements, after which (-5[1])retransmissions (10[1])may occur. (-5[1])This phenomenon is controlled through active queue management in which packets are selectively dropped. (-5[1])For 10 points, large-scale instances of what phenomenon occur (-5[1])due to DoS attacks, (-5[4])which cause (-5[1])the (-5[1])load (-5[1])on a network to become too large? (10[2])■END■ (10[1]0[13])

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